How Chat Systems Became Digital Infrastructure Across the Networked Age: A Roadmap for Human-Centered Dialogue

The history of digital conversation begins long before mobile apps. In the 1950s, computers were room-sized, institutional, and reserved for trained specialists. Work was usually handled through queued jobs. People prepared paper tapes, submitted jobs and commands, and waited for a line-printer output to return results. This process was indirect, a

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